Blockchain-Based Decentralized Frequency Control of Microgrids Using Federated Learning Fractional-Order Recurrent Neural Network

Blockchain-Based Decentralized Frequency Control of Microgrids Using Federated Learning Fractional-Order Recurrent Neural Network

IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid

10.1109/TSG.2023.3267503

https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2023.3267503

Veerapandiyan Veerasamy, Lahanda Purage Mohasha Isuru Sampath, Shailendra Singh, Hung Dinh Nguyen, Hoay Beng Gooi

Decentralized frequency control, peer-to-peer energy market, Blockchain, smart contract participation matrix, federated learning

17 April 2023

Veerasamy, V., Sampath, L. P. M. I., Singh, S., Nguyen, H. D., & Gooi, H. B. (2024). Blockchain-Based Decentralized Frequency Control of Microgrids Using Federated Learning Fractional-Order Recurrent Neural Network. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 15(1), 1089–1102. https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2023.3267503

This paper presents a blockchain-based decentralized frequency control of an islanded microgrid (MG) using a novel federated learning fractional order recurrent neural network (FL-FORNN). A self-adaptive proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller is proposed using FL-FORNN to handle the uncertainties of power generation by the prosumers while participating in the trading of the islanded MG. In this work, the frequency oscillations during peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading are regulated through the appropriate design of an adaptive controller and the implementation of a smart contract participation matrix (SCPM) for balancing the generation and consumer demand. A Proof-of-Authority (PoA) private blockchain-based SCPM has been developed to secure the contract among peers. The SCPM provides the power demand information from a consumer to a prosumer who participates in the P2P energy market. It also provides power reference to the prosumer distributed generation as a supplementary control, in addition to the secondary frequency control of the system. To study this, an islanded MG comprising four source nodes (prosumers) and three demand nodes (consumers) are tested with the implementation of the PoA-based blockchain framework. With its SCPM calculation running in the blockchain framework, the decentralized control of prosumers is implemented by interfacing the OPAL-RT with Raspberry Pi devices. The robustness of the proposed FL-FORNN controller has been verified with the FORNN tuned PID controller. Furthermore, a comparative analysis is made with the centralized scheme and traditional decentralized frequency control technique.

Publisher Copyright

This research / project is supported by the A*STAR - Singapore-German Academic-Industry 2+2 Collaboration
Grant Reference no. : A1990b0060

This research / project is supported by the Ministry of Education - Academic Research Fund Tier 1
Grant Reference no. : 2019-T1-001-119

This research is supported by core funding from: Nanyang Technological University
Grant Reference no. : 001500-00001

This research / project is supported by the Office of Naval Research Global (ONRG), USA - Naval Energy Resiliency and Sustainability in Broad Agency
Grant Reference no. : N00014-18-S-B001 and N62909-19-1-2037

This research / project is supported by the National Research Foundation, Singapore - Intra-CREATE Seed Fund project
Grant Reference no. : NRF2022-ITS010-0005

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