Yeo, R. J., Sng, A., Wang, C., Tao, L., Zhu, Q., & Bu, J. (2024). Strategies for heavy metals immobilization in municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash: a critical review. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology, 23(2), 503–568. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157-024-09694-3
Abstract:
Incineration is an integral part of the waste management process to reduce the enormous volumes of municipal solid waste generated daily. Of the various incineration products, bottom ash makes up a major portion, which subsequently needs to be disposed or reused. Unavoidably, trace amounts of heavy metal content present in incineration bottom ash (IBA) can be leached out over time, ending up in water bodies and eventually entering the food chain. This can lead to toxic bioaccumulation of heavy metals in animals and humans. To minimize leaching, it is essential for heavy metals in IBA to be effectively immobilized. In this review, we critically evaluate the effectiveness of various heavy metal immobilization strategies to treat IBA in terms of their suppression of heavy metal leaching based on past research examples. Furthermore, these strategies are assessed for their medium to long term stabilities, potential impact on the environment, as well as challenges that may be faced in their successful implementation. Finally, some future directions in heavy metal immobilization efforts are proposed in light of the present climate crisis.
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Publisher Copyright
Funding Info:
This research / project is supported by the National Research Foundation, Singapore - Low-Carbon Energy Research Funding Initiative
Grant Reference no. : U2102d2008
Description:
This version of the article has been accepted for publication, after peer review (when applicable) and is subject to Springer Nature’s AM terms of use, but is not the Version of Record and does not reflect post-acceptance improvements, or any corrections. The Version of Record is available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11157-024-09694-3