McCrickerd K., Lim, C.M.H., Leong C., Chia-Ming E. and Forde C.G. (2017). Texture-Based Differences in Eating Rate Reduce the Impact of Increased Energy Density and Large Portions on Meal Size in Adults. Journal of Nutrition. 147 (6), 1208-1217. DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.244251.
Abstract:
Background: Large portions and high dietary energy density promote overconsumption at meal times. This could be reduced by eating slowly.
Objective: Two studies investigated whether texture-based reductions in eating rate and oral processing moderate consumption at breakfast in combination with variations in energy density and portion size.
Methods: Adults attended 4 breakfast sessions (2 3 2 repeated-measures design) to consume rice porridge, combining a 45% reduction in eating rate [thin porridge (140 g/min) compared with thick porridge (77 g/min)] with a 77% increase in energy density (0.57 compared with 1.01 kcal/g) in study 1 [n = 61; aged 21–48 y; body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2 ): 16–29] and a 50% increase in portion size (100% compared with 150%) in study 2 (n = 53; aged 21–42 y; BMI: 16–29). Oral processing behaviors were coded by using webcams. Porridge intake was measured alongside changes in rated appetite.
Results: Increases in energy density and portion size led to increases of 80% and 13% in energy intake at breakfast, respectively (P < 0.001), but only portion size increased the weight of food consumed (13%). The thicker porridges were consumed at a slower rate and led to 11–13% reductions in food weight and energy intake compared with the thin versions (P < 0.001). Combined, the least energy was consumed when the thick ‘‘slow’’ porridge was served with a lower energy density or smaller portion (P < 0.05). Although intake was reduced for the thick porridges, they were expected to be more filling than the thin versions and experienced as equally satiating postconsumption.
Conclusions: Adults eat in response to external features of the food environment. An opportunity exists to use a combination of energy-density dilution, smaller portions, and natural variations in food texture to design meals that promote reductions in energy intake while maintaining satiety.
License type:
PublisherCopyrights
Funding Info:
Biomedical Science Institute Strategic Positioning Fund
(Grant G00067; BMSI/13-80048C-SICS)
Description:
The full paper is available for free download at the publisher's URL: https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.116.244251